Changes in Composition of ADAMTS-5 and CD-68 in the Knee Joint Synovial Fluid Cells of Meniscal Tears Patients an Immunohistochemical Study / Cambios en la Composición de ADAMTS-5 y CD-68 en las Células del Líquido Sinovial de la Articulación de la Rodilla en Pacientes con Desgarro de Menisco. Un Estudio Inmunohistoquímico

SUMMARY: Meniscus tear is an important injury affecting the quality of life. This work is aimed to investigate the activity of CD68 and ADAMTS-5 in cells in synovial fluid in male and female patients with meniscal tear. In this study ,18 male and 22 female patients with meniscal tears were included. Local pain sensation during patients' physical examination, swelling, performing daily activities and difficulty in running-walking complaints were determined. 5 cc synovial fluids were aspirated from the lateral suprapatellar pouch part of the knees with meniscal pain. After routine histological follow-up of the samples, they were embedded in paraffin and sectioned with microtome and 5 micrometer thickness. CD68 and ADAMTS-5 primary antibodies were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Sections were taken and evaluated with a stylish microscope. The distribution of blood cells after meniscus tear was higher in female patients than in male patients. CD68 distribution in female patients appeared higher than in male patients. CD68 expression was high in macrophage cell cytoplasm. ADAMTS-5 expression was higher in female patients in degenerative cells and apoptotic cells. ADAMTS-5 is an important metallo-protein involved in the development of apoptotic signal and extracellular matrix synthesis in patients with ADAMTS-5 meniscus tear, and it may be an important criterion for the treatment developed after injury. CD68 and ADAMTS-5 activity was thought to be one of the important signal pathways that can be identified in the treatment of meniscus tear.

RESUMEN: La rotura del menisco es una lesión importante que afecta la calidad de vida. El objetivo fue investigar la actividad de CD68 y ADAMTS-5 en células del líquido sinovial en pacientes masculinos y femeninos con desgarro meniscal. Se incluyeron 18 pacientes masculinos y 22 femeninos con desgarros meniscales. Se determinó la sensación de dolor local durante el examen físico de los pacientes, la hinchazón, la realización de actividades diarias y la dificultad al correr y caminar. Se aspiraron 5 cc de líquido sinoviale de la parte de la bolsa suprapatelar lateral de las rodillas de los pacientes con dolor meniscal. Después del seguimiento histológico de rutina, las muestras se incluyeron en parafina y se seccionaron con un micrótomo de grosor de 5 micrómetros. Para el análisis inmunohistoquímico se usaron los anticuerpos primarios CD68 y ADAMTS-5. La distribución de las células sanguíneas después del desgarro del menisco fue mayor en pacientes femeninos que en pacientes masculinos. La distribución de CD68 en pacientes femeninos fue más alta que en pacientes masculinos. Además la expresión de CD68 fue alta en el citoplasma de los macrófagos. La expresión de ADAMTS-5 fue mayor en pacientes femeninos en las células degenerativas y células apoptóticas. ADAMTS-5 es una metaloproteína importante en el desarrollo de la señal apoptótica y la síntesis de matriz extracelular en pacientes con rotura de menisco ADAMTS-5, y puede ser un criterio importante para el tratamiento después de la lesión. La actividad de CD68 y ADAMTS-5 era una de las vías de señal importantes que se pueden identificar en el tratamiento de la rotura del menisco.

Desbridamiento artroscópico de osteomielitis de rodilla por Fusobacterium Nucleatum en niño de 4 años. Reporte de caso con 8 años de seguimiento / Arthroscopic debridement in knee osteomyelitis by Fusobacterium Nucleatum in a 4 years-old child

La infección osteoarticular por microorganismos anaerobios es infrecuente, siendo la infección por fusobacterium nucleatum en niños muy rara. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 4 años que consulta por dolor, limitación funcional, y signos inflamatorios locales en la rodilla derecha de 1 mes de evolución, con ausencia de fiebre y sin antecedente traumático previo. Las pruebas de imagen objetivan una lesión lítica en cóndilo femoral externo con una colección en el espacio articular. Con el diagnóstico de osteomielitis en cóndilo femoral externo y artritis séptica de rodilla, se realizaron dos artroscopias consecutivas para desbridamiento articular y curetaje de la lesión. Se instauró terapia antibiótica intravenosa empírica y posteriormente específica tras el aislamiento de fusobacterium nucleatum. Fue necesario la identificación microbiológica mediante PCR universal 16S r ARN, ante la negatividad repetida de los cultivos.Tras 8 años de seguimiento el niño no presenta signos de infección local, las imágenes radiológicas del defecto osteocondral han mejorado y a la exploración muestra una correcta movilidad realizando una vida normal, incluso actividad deportiva. Tipo de Trabajo: Reporte de Caso. Nivel Evidencia: V

Osteoarticular infection by anaerobic microorganisms is infrequent in children, specially caused by Fusobacterium Nucleatum.A 4-year-old male patient that consults for pain, functional limitation and local inflammatory signs on the right knee, without fever for a 1-month, and no history of trauma. The radiological images showed a lytic lesion in the external femoral condyle with a collection in the joint space. After the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in external femoral condyle and septic arthritis of the knee, two consecutive arthroscopies were carried out for joint debridement and curettage of the lesion.Previously the isolation of fusobacterium nucleatum an empirical intravenous antibiotic therapy was instituted. Microbiological identification by 16S rRNA universal PCR was necessary in view of the repeated negativity of the cultures. Once the diagnosis is carried out, a more specific antibiotic treatment could be administered. After 8 years of follow-up, the child showed no signs of local infection, the radiological images of the osteochondral defect had improved. On physical examination the child presented a correct mobility leading a normal life and even doing sport. Type of Study: Case report. Level of Evidence: V

Presentación inusual de hemangioma arteriovenoso trombosado de rodilla: reporte de caso / Unusual thrombosed arteriovenous hemangioma of the knee. Case report

Se presenta un caso de presentación inusual de hemangioma arteriovenoso trombosado de rodilla, en un paciente de sexo masculino de 54 años de edad quien consulta por dolor en cara anterior e interlínea interna de rodilla izquierda, y episodios de pseudobloqueos. Sin antecedente traumático previo. Debido a la lesión meniscal interna y la sospecha diagnóstica de tumor de partes blandas de rodilla, se indicó el tratamiento quirúrgico combinado, artroscopía para la resolución de la lesión meniscal interna y, por otro abordaje, biopsia escicional con remoción del tumor de partes blandas.El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico de hemangioma arteriovenoso trombosado. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de caso. Nivel de evidencia: V

We present an unusual case of thrombosed arteriovenous hemangioma of the knee. A 54-year-old male patient, with pain about de left knee, with previous blocking episodes, without prior traumatic history.Due to the internal meniscus lesion and diagnostic suspicion of soft tissue tumor of the knee. Surgical treatment was considered, both, arthroscopy and mini open surgery.Surgical treatment was performed, arthroscopy and biopsy with removal of the soft tissue tumor. Histopathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of thrombosed arteriovenous hemangioma. Type of study: Case report. Level of evidence: V

Defecto dorsal de rótula. Reporte de un caso tratado quirúrgicamente y revisión de la literatura de los últimos 20 años / Dorsal defect of the patella. Case report surgically treated and literature revision of last 20 years

El defecto dorsal de rotula (DDR) es una lesión poco frecuente, de causa desconocida, pero bien documentada en la literatura. Los trabajos publicados al respecto son principalmente reporte de casos debido a su baja incidencia, y la mayoría tratados de forma conservadora con éxito. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 29 años con un DDR asociado a un cuadro de sinovitis inespecífica de rodilla, tratada de forma quirúrgica. Describimos los hallazgos artroscópicos e histológicos, así como una revisión de la literatura más reciente. Tipo de Estudio: Reporte de Caso y Actualización. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The dorsal defect of the patella (DDP) is an uncommon lesion, of unknown cause, but well documented in literature. Published articles in this regard are mainly case reports due to its low incidence, and most of them treated conservatively with success. We report a case of a 29-year-old woman with a DDR associated with a non-specific synovitis of the knee, treated surgically. We describe the arthroscopic and histologic findings, as well as a review of the most recent literature. Study design: Case report. Level of evidence: V

Menisco lateral hipermóvil: diagnóstico y tratamiento de lesiones de fascículos poplíteo meniscales / Hypermobile lateral meniscus: diagnosis and treatment of popliteomeniscal fasciculi injuries

El Síndrome de Menisco Hipermóvil, caracterizado por bloqueos mecánicos dolorosos de la rodilla, tiene un sustento anatómico basado en los fascículos poplíteo meniscales anteroinferior y posterosuperior, responsables de la estabilidad primaria de la esquina posterolateral meniscal. Con un cuadro clínico característico, usualmente con Resonancia Magnética sin hallazgos sugerentes de patología, la artroscopía juega un rol esencial en casos de alta sospecha, comprobando el diagnóstico al presentar hipermobilidad del cuerno posterior del menisco lateral. MÉTODO: Se presentan 9 casos resueltos, con hiperlaxitud posterolateral meniscal, y presentación clínica caracterizada por bloqueo articular de rodilla sin causa aparente. En todos los casos se realizó reparación de los fascículos poplíteo meniscales con suturas meniscales, con resolución completa de la sintomatología y sin complicaciones post quirúrgicas. CONCLUSIÓN: El manejo del cuadro de menisco hipermóvil está basado por la sospecha clínica y el descarte de otras patologías como causa subyacente de la sintomatología. El manejo quirúrgico con suturas meniscales ha demostrado restaurar la biomecánica normal del compartimento posterolateral de la rodilla, logrando la resolución completa de los síntomas. NIVEL DE EVIDENCIA: IV.

Hypermobile Meniscus Syndrome, characterized by painful mechanical blockages of the knee, has an anatomical support based on the anteroinferior and posterosuperior poplíteomeniscal fascicles, responsible for the primary stability of the posterolateral meniscal corner. With a characteristic clinical presentation, usually with Magnetic Resonance without suggestive findings of pathology, arthroscopy plays an essential role in cases of high suspicion, checking the diagnosis by presenting hypermobility of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. METHOD: We present 9 resolved cases, with posterolateral meniscal hypermobility, and clinical presentation characterized by knee articular block without apparent cause. In all cases, poplíteomeniscal fascicles were repaired with meniscal sutures, with complete resolution of the symptoms and without post-surgical complications. CONCLUSION: The management of the hypermobile meniscus syndrome is based on clinical suspicion and the discarding of other pathologies as the underlying cause of the symptomatology. Surgical management with meniscal sutures has been shown to restore the normal biomechanics of the posterolateral compartment of the knee, achieving complete resolution of symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case series IV.

Intra-articular injection with triamcinolone hexacetonide in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: prospective assessment of goniometry and joint inflammation parameters / Injeção intra-articular de hexacetonido de triancinolona em pacientes com artrite reumatoide: avaliação prospectiva da goniometria e parâmetros de inflamação articular

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate local joint variables after intra-articular injection with triamcinolone hexacetonide in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Methods: We blindly and prospectively (baseline, 1, 4, 12 and 24 weeks) evaluated metacarpophalangeal, wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee and ankle joints after triamcinolone hexacetonide intra-articular injection by the following outcome measures: visual analogue scale 0–10 cm (VAS) for rest pain (VASR); VAS for movement pain (VASM); VAS for joint swelling (VASSw); flexion (FlexG) and extension (ExtG). Results: 289 patients (635 joints) were studied. VASSw (p < 0.001) and VASR (0.001 < p < 0.016) improved from T0 to T4, T12 and T24 for all joints. VASM improved from T0 to T4 (p < 0.021) for all joints; T0 to T12 (p < 0.023) for MCF and knee; T0 to T24 (p < 0.019) only for MCF and knee. FlexG improved from T0 to T4 (p < 0.001) for all joints; T0 to T12 (p < 0.001) and T0 to T24 (p < 0.02) only for MCF and knee. ExtG improved from T0 to T4 (p < 0.001) for all joints except for elbow; T0 to T12 (p = 0.003) for wrist, metacarpophalangeal and knee; and T0 to T24 (p = 0.014) for MCF and knee. Conclusion: VASSw responded better at short and medium term after IAI with triamcinolone hexacetonide in our sample of RA patients.

Resumo Objetivos: Avaliar variáveis articulares locais após a injeção intra-articular (IIA) de hexacetonido de triancinolona (HT) em pacientes com artrite reumatoide (AR). Métodos: Avaliaram-se de modo cego e prospectivo (inicial, 1, 4, 12 e 24 semanas) as articulações metacarpofalângica (MCF), punho, cotovelo, ombro, joelho e tornozelo após a IIA de HT à procura das seguintes medidas de desfecho: escala visual analógica (EVA) de 0 a 10 cm para dor em repouso (EVAr); EVA para dor ao movimento (EVAm); EVA para inchaço das articulações (EVAi); flexão (FlexG) e extensão (ExtG). Resultados; Estudaram-se 289 pacientes (635 articulações). A EVAi (p < 0,001) e a EVAr (0,001 < p < 0,016) melhoraram de T0 a T4, T12 e T24 em todas as articulações. A EVAm melhorou de T0-T4 (p < 0,021) em todas as articulações; T0-T12 (p < 0,023) na MCF e no joelho; T0-T24 (p < 0,019) apenas na MCF e no joelho. A FlexG melhorou de T0-T4 (p < 0,001) em todas as articulações; T0-T12 (p < 0,001) e T0-T24 (p < 0,02) apenas na MCF e no joelho. A ExtG melhorou de T0-T4 (p < 0,001) em todas as articulações, exceto no cotovelo; T0-T12 (p = 0,003) no punho, na MCF e no joelho; e T0-T24 (p = 0,014) na MCF e no joelho. Conclusão: A EVAi respondeu melhor em curto e médio prazos após a IIA de HT na presente amostra de pacientes com AR.

Influence of morbid obesity on physical capacity, knee-related symptoms and overall quality of life: A cross-sectional study / Influência da obesidade mórbida sobre a capacidade física, sintomas relacionados aos joelhos e qualidade de vida geral: um estudo transversal

Summary Objective: To evaluate the impact of morbid obesity on physical capacity, joint-related symptoms, and on the overall quality of life. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out at a university hospital, enrolling 39 individuals admitted to a bariatric surgery service. Physical capacity was assessed by Six-Minute Walk Test (SMWT) and the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Knee-related symptoms were evaluated by Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the Lysholm Score. Quality of life was evaluated by Short Form 36 Health Questionnaire (SF-36). Results: On SMWT, the mean distance walked was 374.1±107.5 m. The mean Borg score was 12.9±2.4. KOOS questionnaire found the following scores: pain (64.3±24), other symptoms (67.2±25.5), function in daily living (60.4±26.8), function in sport and recreation (28.5±32.2), knee-related quality of life (35.9±33.5), mean Lysholm scale score (55.3±25.4). SF-36 provided the following scores: physical functioning (41±27.4), physical role functioning (34.6±39.2), bodily pain (45.7±23.6), general health perceptions (63.1±26.2), vitality (53.5±12.1), social role functioning (52.6±29.3), emotional role functioning (41±44.9), mental health (55±27.7). Conclusion: Obesity led to significant loss of physical capacity, gait impairment, knee-related symptoms, and a negative impact on the overall quality of life.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da obesidade mórbida sobre a capacidade física, sintomas osteoarticulares e qualidade de vida global. Método: Estudo transversal realizado em hospital universitário, envolvendo 39 indivíduos admitidos em um serviço de cirurgia bariátrica. A capacidade física foi avaliada através do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e pela escala de percepção de esforço de Borg. Os sintomas relacionados ao joelho foram avaliados pelos escores de KOOS e Lysholm; a qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do questionário SF-36. Resultados: No teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, a distância média foi de 374,1±107,5 m. O escore médio de Borg foi 12,9±2,4. Os seguintes escores foram observados no KOOS: dor (64,3±24); outros sintomas (67,2±25,5); atividades da vida diária (60,4±26,8); atividades esportivas e lazer (28,5±32,2); qualidade de vida (35,9±33,5); o escore de Lysholm médio foi 55,3±25,4. O SF-36 mostrou estes escores: capacidade funcional (41±27,4); limitação por aspectos físicos (34,6±39,2); dor (45,7±23,6); estado geral de saúde (63,1±26,2); vitalidade (53,5±12,1); aspectos sociais (52,6±29,3); aspectos emocionais (41±44,9); saúde mental (55±27,7). Conclusão: A obesidade levou à perda significativa de capacidade física, a prejuízo à marcha, a sintomas relacionados ao joelho e a impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida global.

Naringenin regulates production of matrix metalloproteinases in the knee-joint and primary cultured articular chondrocytes and alleviates pain in rat osteoarthritis model

Inflammation of cartilage is a primary symptom for knee-joint osteoarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play an important role in the articular cartilage destruction related to osteoarthritis. Naringenin is a plant-derived flavonoid known for its anti-inflammatory properties. We studied the effect of naringenin on the transcriptional expression, secretion and enzymatic activity of MMP-3 in vivo in the murine monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) osteoarthritis model. The assessment of pain behavior was also performed in the MIA rats. The destruction of knee-joint tissues was analyzed microscopically. Moreover, the effect of naringenin was also studied in vitro in IL-1β activated articular chondrocytes. The transcriptional expression of MMP-3, MMP-1, MMP-13, thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS-4) and ADAMTS-5 was also studied in primary cultured chondrocytes of rats. Naringenin caused significant reduction in pain behavior and showed marked improvement in the tissue morphology of MIA rats. Moreover, a significant inhibition of MMP-3 expression in MIA rats was observed upon treatment with naringenin. In the in vitro tests, naringenin caused a significant reduction in the transcriptional expression, secretion and enzymatic activity of the studied degradative enzymes. The NF-κB pathway was also found to be inhibited upon treatment with naringenin in vitro. Overall, the study suggests that naringenin alleviated pain and regulated the production of matrix-metalloproteinases via regulation of NF-κB pathway. Thus, naringenin could be a potent therapeutic option for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Viscosuplementación con ácido hialurónico en gonartrosis moderada a severa: seguimiento clínico a 3 años / Intra-articular hyaluronic acid theray in moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis. a 3-year follow-up

Introducción: La utilidad y eficacia de la viscosuplementación con Ácido Hialurónico (AH) en el tratamiento de la gonartrosis es debatida. La evidencia regional sobre esta terapia es limitada. Objetivo: Describir una cohorte de pacientes con gonartrosis moderada a severa, viscosuplementados con AH, objetivando su sobrevida en términos de artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR). Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo. Criterios de inclusión: gonartrosis tricompartimental moderada a severa sintomática, 60 años o más, al menos 1 infiltración con AH de alto peso molecular y seguimiento mínimo de 2 años. Se analizaron datos demográficos, clínicos, indicación de ATR previo a la infiltración. Se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas de Kaplan-Meier y Test Exacto de Fisher (significancia de p<0,05). Resultados: Setenta y tres pacientes (88 rodillas), edad media de 71 años (60-91) fueron reclutados. Seguimiento promedio de 3 ± 0,60 años (2-3,60). Rodillas infiltradas libre de prótesis: 95,45%. De estas, 33,33% siguen en consulta por la misma rodilla y 78,6% se han vuelto a infiltrar. Tiempo promedio a ATR en las 4 rodillas operadas: 1,03 ± 0,75 años...

Introduction: The clinical importance of intra-articular hyaluronic acid (IAHA) therapy in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) has been challenged. There is limited evidence in our region. Objective: Describe the experience of a cohort of patients with moderate and severe KOA, treated with IAHA injections, evaluating its survivorship in terms of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) as end point result. Methodology: Retrospective study. Inclusion criteria: moderate and severe tricompartmental KOA, age of 60 years or more, at least 1 IAHA injection and a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Demographic and clinical data and TKA indication before the first IAHA injection were considered for analysis. Statistics included the Kaplan-Meier and Fisher exact test (significance of p<0.05). Results: Seventy three patients (88 knees), mean age: 71 years (60-91), were followed up for 3 ± 0.60 years (2-3.60). Injected knees without TKR: 95.45%. From these, 33.33% continue in medical attention for knee pain and 78.6% have received another injection. Average time to TKR in the four operated knees: 1.03 ± 0.75 years...

Comparison between two different experimental models of osteoarthritis in rabbits. Intra-articular collagenase injection and anterior cruciate ligament transection

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To compare two different experimental models of osteoarthritis in rabbits: intra-articular collagenase injection and anterior cruciate ligament transection. METHODS: Ten adult rabbits were randomly divided in two groups: COLL (collagenase group) and ACLT (anterior cruciate ligament transection). The COLL group was treated with 0.5 ml collagenase solution (2mg collagenase/0.5 ml sterile PBS), and the ACTL group was subjected to anterior cruciate ligament. After six and twelve weeks, respectively, the animals in the COLL and ACTL groups were euthanized. The gross appearance and histological examinations conducted in the cartilage articular surface was blindly scored according to the criteria developed by Yoshimi et al. (1994) and Mankin et al. (1971), respectively. RESULTS: The gross morphologic observation, macroscopic score and histological examinations have demonstrated that the ACTL group presented the highest scores, and lesions more severe than those in the COLL group. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods, anterior cruciate ligament transection and collagenase, applied to the stifle joint of the rabbits have effectively induced degenerative changes in the cartilage tissue, through statistically significant analysis (p≤0.05). The ACTL method has presented more severe lesions.

Complejo postero-externo de la rodilla: conceptos actuales / Posterolateral corner of the knee: current concepts

Las lesiones del complejo posteroexterno (CPE) comprenden una porción significativa de las lesiones ligamentarias de la rodilla. Se necesita un alto índice de sospecha durante la evaluación de la rodilla lesionada, un examen físico completo y una revisión exhaustiva de los estudios radiográficos para poder identificar estas lesiones. En este sentido, las radiografías con estrés pueden ayudar a determinar objetivamente el alcance de estas lesiones. Las opciones de tratamiento quirúrgico o no, se encuentran en función de la gravedad de la lesión. Las lesiones completas del CPE rara vez se curan con tratamiento no quirúrgico, por lo que son tratados con mayor frecuencia quirúrgicamente. El propósito de este artículo fue revisar la anatomía y biomecánica clínicamente relevantes, los algoritmos de diagnóstico, los protocolos de tratamiento y rehabilitación para las lesiones del CPE.

Injuries to the posterolateral corner (PLC) comprise a significant portion of knee ligament injuries. A high index of suspicion is necessary when evaluating the injured knee to detect these sometimes-occult injuries. Moreover, a thorough physical examination and a comprehensive review of radiographic studies are necessary to identify these injuries. In this sense, stress radiographs can help to objectively determine the extent of these lesions. Non-operative and operative treatment options have been reported depending on the extent of the injury. Complete PLC lesions rarely heal with non-operative treatment, and are therefore most often treated surgically. The purpose of this article was to review the anatomy and clinically relevant biomechanics, diagnosis algorithms, treatment and rehabilitation protocols for PLC injuries.

The Effects of Adherence to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Factors Influencing Drug Adherence in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of knee osteoarthritis patients according to drug adherence; and to find out the factors the affecting those outcomes. We analyzed the drug adherence and clinical outcomes in 1,334 primary knee osteoarthritis patients who took non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 3 weeks. Clinical outcomes of Pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and EQ-5D were compared at baseline and 3 weeks' follow-up between the two groups of adherent group and non-adherent group (1,167 vs. 167 patients). Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors affecting the adherence, and the reasons for the non-adherence were asked. The follow-up clinical outcomes of NRS and KOOS symptom, pain and activity of daily life were significantly higher in the adherence group (P = 0.003, P = 0.048, P = 0.005, and P = 0.003, respectively). The adherence was better in the elderly and in the male group (P = 0.042 and P = 0.034, respectively) and the top reason for no strict adherence was "symptom improved" (21.5%) followed by side effects. In this study, the patients with better adherence to NSAIDs showed better outcomes compared to those with poor adherence. This study can contribute to the patient education for the pharmacological treatment in knee OA patients.

Quiste poplíteo complicado bilateral en un paciente inmunodeprimido. Reporte de un caso / Bilateral popliteal cyst in immunosuppressed patient. Case report

Los quistes poplíteos suelen estar relacionados con enfermedades articulares degenerativas, reumatológicas o lesiones traumáticas. Las complicaciones en su evolución son infrecuentes pero deben ser tenidas en cuenta en pacientes con inmunidad alterada. Presentamos el caso de una paciente joven inmunodeprimida con un quiste poplíteo bilateral complicado y su tratamiento. Nivel de evidencia: V...

Popliteal cysts are commonly related with degenerative articular diseases, rheumathoid diseases or traumatic lesions. Complications in its evolution are infrequent but must be taken into account in patients with altered immunology. We present a case of a young immunosuppressed patient with a complicated bilateral popliteal cyst and its treatment. Level of Evidence: V...

Osteotomía varizante distal de fémur para genu valgo / Distal femoral varus osteotomy for genu valgum

Objetivo: Analizar una serie de pacientes con osteotomías varizante de fémur distal y evaluar los resultados, tanto clínicos como radiográficos. Material y Métodos: Se analizaron retrospectivamente 11 pacientes con osteotomía varizante de fémur realizada en nuestra institución, entre los años 2005 y 2013. En 7 casos se realizó una osteotomía aditiva externa y en 4 sustractiva interna. Como procedimientos asociados se realizaron: 1 trasplante meniscal, 4 mosaicoplastias, 1 reconstrucción del LCP y en 1 caso microperforaciones. El promedio de seguimiento fue de 39 meses (rango de 12-102 meses). Se midieron el eje, la consolidación ósea y la progresión de la artrosis del compartimento lateral (Score de Kellgren-Lawrence). Se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones funcionales: IKDC subjetivo, Lysholm y Tegner. Resultados: El Promedio de corrección del eje fue de 12,6°, no se observó modificación del mismo durante el seguimiento. Todas las osteotomías consolidaron y no se observó progresión de la artrosis en el compartimento externo. El IKDC subjetivo promedio fue de 70,5, el Lysholm promedio de 83,1 y el Tegner de 4. Dos pacientes evolucionaron con rigidez articular y 1 presento molestias a nivel de la placa, por lo que se realizaron 2 movilizaciones bajo anestesia y 1 retiro de material de osteosintesis. Ninguno de los pacientes fue sometido a una artroplastia hasta la fecha. Conclusión: Se logró corregir la mala alineación en valgo que presentaban los pacientes, con buenos escores funcionales y baja tasa de complicaciones, ubicando la osteotomía de fémur distal para genu valgo como una alternativa válida en casos bien seleccionados. Nivel de Evidencia: IV. Tipo de Estudio: Serie de Casos.

Objective: To analyze a series of patients who underwent varus osteotomy of distal femur and evaluate both clinical and radiographic results. Method: We retrospectively analyzed 11 patients with distal femoral varus osteotomy performed at our institution between 2005 and 2013. 7 of these were open wedge osteotomies, whereas the remaining 4 were closing wedge ones. Associated procedures were performed as follows: 1 meniscal transplant, 4 mosaicplasties, 1 LCP reconstruction and in 1 case microfractures. The mean follow-up was 39 months (range 12 to 102 months). Pre- and postoperative radiographs were evaluated for tibiofemoral angle, bone healing and progression of lateral compartment osereoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence Score). The IKDC, Lysholm and Tegner scores assessed clinical outcomes. Results: The average correction of the femorotibial angle was of 12.6°, there were no changes evidenced along the follow up. Union of the osteotomy site was achieved in all cases. Osteoarthritis of the lateral compartment did not show progression. The mean results of the clinical scores were: IKDC 70.5, Lysholm 83.1, and Tegner 4. Two patients revealed joint stiffness and 1 complained about discomfort at the plate site. For these reasons, two mobilizations under anesthesia and 1 material removal were performed. To the date, none of the patients required an arthroplasty. Conclusion: We were able to correct the valgus malalignment in all patients, with good functional outcomes and low complication rate, placing the distal femoral osteotomy for valgus arthritic knees as a valid alternative in well-selected cases. Level of Evidence: IV. Type of study: Case Series.

Malformación vascular de bajo flujo sinovial de la rodilla (hemangiolinfangioma): Reporte de caso / Low-low synovial vascular malformation of the knee (hemangiolymphangioma): Case report

Introducción: La malformación vascular venosa de bajo lujo se desarrolla generalmente durante la primera infancia y puede ser una causa poco frecuente de derrame recurrente de larodilla. La clínica, las pruebas de laboratorio y las radiografías suelen ser inespecíficas. Objetivo: Describir una patología infrecuente en pediatría, para enfatizar en la correcta clasificación y sospecha. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 2 años con historia de episodios de derrame articular de la rodilla derecha que requirió múltiples hospitalizaciones y tratamientos antibióticos. Exámenes de laboratorio normales. La radiografía simple de la rodilla no mostró cambios óseos. La resonancia magnética reportó malformación vascular de bajo lujo. Se realizó resección quirúrgica que evidenció lesión vascular entre las fibras musculares del vasto lateral del cuádriceps con extensión hasta la cápsula de la rodilla y disección de las fibras hasta el vasto lateral de la pierna derecha. El estudio histológico fue compatible con malformación vascular de bajo lujo. Ante el hallazgo benigno y la evolución favorable, continuó con tratamiento ambulatorio. Conclusiones: Aunque la malformación vascular de bajo lujo sinovial es una patología poco frecuente en la población pediátrica, debería considerarse la realización de un diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con aparición repetida de hemartrosis sin historia de coagulopatía ni hemofilia.

Introduction: Low-low vascular malformation, which usually develops during the first stage of infancy, is a rare cause of recurrent effusion of the knee. History, laboratory and X-rays are usually non-specific. Objective: To describe a rare disease in pediatrics, emphasizing the correct classification and suspicion. Case Report: A case is presented of a two-year-old patient with a history of effusion of the right knee who required multiple hospitalizations and antibiotic treatments. Laboratory work-up was normal. Plain X-rays of the knee revealed no bone changes. MR imaging reported low-low vascular malformation. Surgical resection was performed, evidencing vascular lesion among the muscle fibers of the vastus lateralis of quadriceps until the capsule of the knee, as well as dissection of the fibers until the vastus lateralis of the right leg. Histology was consistent with low-low vascular malformation. Due to the benign outcome and favorable evolution, an outpatient management was possible. Conclusions: Although low-low synovial vascular malformation is a rare disease among the pediatric population, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with repeated hemarthrosis and no history of either coagulopathy or hemophilia.

Intra-Articular Fibroma of Tendon Sheath in a Knee Joint Associated with Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome

Iliotibial band (ITB) friction syndrome is a common overuse injury typically seen in the active athlete population. A nodular lesion on the inner side of the ITB as an etiology or an accompanying lesion from friction syndrome has been rarely reported. A 45-year-old male presented with recurrent pain and a movable nodule at the lateral joint area, diagnosed as ITB friction syndrome. The nodule was confirmed as a rare intra-articular fibroma of the tendon sheath (FTS) on the basis of histopathologic findings. We describe the MRI findings, arthroscopic and pathologic features, in this case of intra-articular FTS presenting with ITB friction syndrome.